Sampson radar vs aegis. which requirement is not met by apar+smart-l? Jun 1, 2007 · The problem with SAMPSON is that it is an S-band radar and S-band doesn't do well with sea clutter near the surface level compared to higher frequency bands. These radar systems are integral to the Royal Navy, as they We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. It provides a multi function radar capability able to perform 3D volume search, surface search, fire control support, target classification in demanding, cluttered and jamming environments. Shipbone Radar艦載対空レーダに関する報道 The Eurofighter Typhoon combat aircraft with its nose fairing removed, revealing its Euroradar CAPTOR AESA radar antenna An active electronically scanned array (AESA) is a type of phased array antenna, which is a computer-controlled antenna array in which the beam of radio waves can be electronically steered to point in different directions without moving the antenna. These two companies had previously built the ships in collaboration. We will not attempt to define precisely what weapons Type 83 may carry, but broadly there is a choice between European or US primary armament for the AAW and ABM mission. Sherman的"Radar cross section estimates from Computer simulation of Aerial Target Radar Scattering, Recognition, Detection and Tracking"一书），推测AN/SPY-1D (V)对雷达截面积（RCS）仅0. The Aegis Combat System is an American integrated naval weapons system, which uses computers and radars to track and guide weapons to destroy enemy targets. Sep 24, 2013 · Am I correct in thinking that in the past one fire control radar has guided semi active radar homing missiles to one target at a time, but this was for terminal guidance only and that it was/ is possible for radars such as AEGIS to provide accurate enough data to generate fire solutions against a much greater number of targets so Nov 24, 2023 · Standard missiles or an iteration of Aster? UK combat system or Aegis? How much anti-ballistic missile capability is needed? etc. 5” gun and the Sea Viper silo. Built by Lockheed Martin, the latest Aegis Baseline offers advanced defence capabilities, and integration with other systems external to the ship. It will be fully integrated with the Aegis Combat System, providing advanced technology for future ship classes. Jul 7, 2011 · The Aegis Weapons System is controlled by an advanced, automatic detect-and-track, multi-function three-dimensional passive electronically scanned array radar, the AN/SPY-1. [i] The SAMPSON multi-function radar can detect various types of targets out to a distance of 400 km, and it is capable of tracking hundreds of targets UK Royal Navy: Type 45 destroyer and Queen Elizabeth -class aircraft carrier France: Horizon-class frigate Italy: Orizzonte-class destroyer In all its current applications, the S1850M is the long-range radar (LRR) component of the Principal Anti-Air Missile System. Mar 7, 2013 · The MDA and U. Jul 15, 2006 · Aegis and APAR are fixed installations, which makes maintenance easier and cover 360° without rotating like EMPAR or SAMPSON. ’s MDC plan to test the Type 45s active electronically scanned array (AESA) Sampson radar in conjunction with U. Jul 23, 2014 · The BAE Systems Sampson multi-function radar fitted to the Royal Navy’s fleet of Type 45 destroyers forms part of the Sea Viper naval air defence system, but it could also play a role in ballistic missile defence. SAMPSON itself is a multi-function dual-face active electronically scanned array radar produced by BAE Systems on the Isle of Wight but it’s a big, heavy and expensive piece of kit. The related EMPAR radar used on French and Italian Horizon-class destroyers is single-face. Navy BMD patrols in Europe. the rotating phased array EMPAR and SAMPSON radars and their associated combat systems will soon be the top naval air defence systems. 1–18. May 17, 2020 · The SAMPSON radar fitted to Type 45 has two radiating faces like 054B's radar. The contract, worth £270 million, spans 10 years and focuses on the Artisan, Sampson, and Long Range Radar (LRR) systems. CSC Type 26 scale model on display on Lockheed Martin stand during SNA 2019. Jan 6, 2007 · Radar stealth of ships from today can only be compared with extreme complex radar reflection models and you will see that the big difference is only in the extreme details. Jul 22, 2025 · Sampson is the primary surveillance and dedicated tracking sensor on the UK Royal Navy’s Type 45 destroyers. Naval News picture. It consists of two back to back AESA (Active Electronically Scanned Array) radar panels which rotate at 30rpm to provide near constant 360 degree coverage of the air. Nov 13, 2023 · Is there some kind of weakness in the hybrid rotating radar (compared to the flat panel Aegis system) that this is compensating for? Or perhaps they serve different purposes? Oct 7, 2024 · Discriminating between actual warheads and decoys demands very sophisticated optical and radar sensors. The ships were built by BAE Systems Maritime – Naval Ships, which subsequently became BVT Surface Fleet with the merger of the surface shipbuilding arms of BAE Systems and VT Group. Feb 11, 2011 · Also, the AN/SPY-1D RADAR used in AEGIS doesn't have 360 degree awareness, only two of the four arrays feed in at the same time which gives the same coverage as the SAMPSON array used in PAAMS, which is also capable of shooting down satellites is the Aster 45 ever enters production. The first three destroyers were assembled by Jun 12, 2023 · The Ministry of Defence has struck a deal with BAE Systems to support the Royal Navy’s three main radar systems. As mission systems integrator for Type 31, Thales will supply the CMS, the communications, navigation and bridge systems for the Jun 11, 2025 · The Sea Viper missile system integrates the Aster 15 and Aster 30 surface-to-air missiles with the sophisticated SAMPSON active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar and the S1850M long-range radar. The class is primarily designed for anti-aircraft and anti-missile warfare and is built around the PAAMS (Sea Viper) air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON AESA and the S1850M long-range radars. and top plate on other ships. It’s an incredibly potent system, yet soon to be pushed to an even higher level by the introduction of more advanced radars, software, and data sharing capabilities. While theoretically possible, it would require the purchase of SM-3 stocks from Raytheon, a completely new missile in the UK inventory needing integration with the Sampson radar and Combat Jul 20, 2017 · The Aegis & Sea Viper combat systems are both very effective in their own rights along with specialised radars sonars and weapons systems. In this article, we look at the project to develop and integrate the fighting heart of the frigate. The SAMPSON is an active array Radar. India has the top-plate phased array radar on 3 ships. It is the world’s most advanced and versatile maritime radar, and is scalable to meet the mission needs for a range of ships from Feb 21, 2022 · The new ballistic missile defence radar was originally expected to be in service by the mid-2020s. Jun 28, 2006 · AEGIS (disadvantages) - PESA radar - Additional firecontrol illuminator carried - Lower antenna height than the SAMPSON - Active missile won't be available until 2008 PAAMS (advantages) - AESA radar with industry leading antenna height - All active missile complement eliminating the need for illuminators AN/SPY-7 AN/SPY-7, formerly known as Lockheed Martin’s Solid State Radar (LM SSR), is operating in the S band modular and scalable radar intended to build different configurations for land- and sea-based applications. If we can add 20 Connies with AEGIS, then we can get rid of 22 Ticos and only lose a net 2 AEGIS AN/SPY-6 (V) Air and Missile Defense Radar (AMDR) Air & Missile Defense Radar (A&MD Radar) AN/SPY-6 is a single-face, new development IAMD radar, providing sensitivity for long range detection and 依照一些模拟资料（如Yakov D. Jun 9, 2023 · Theoretically, T26 and T31 could also be networked into FADS and contribute to the air defence mission using weapons in their Mk41 cells. Mar 10, 2025 · Yet the Aegis radars are mounted far lower in the superstructure than the PAAMS system. It was developed by the Missile and Surface Radar Division of RCA, and it is now produced by Lockheed Martin. Jan 6, 2020 · The combination of the British-developed Sampson radar and the Franco-Italian Aster missile is formidable and rightly regarded as the best naval air defence system at sea today. 3) SPY1 on the high end versions has much better aperture for the radar, making it more capable against low RCS targets. 4. On the Type 45 destroyers, it is paired with the SAMPSON multifunction radar; on the Horizon ships, it is paired with the EMPAR Show Only Poster Name and Title Newest to OldestMost Read Most Commented Hot Topics The Royal Navy describe the destroyers mission as "to shield the Fleet from air attack". The MOD conducted a competition between Raytheon’s AN/SPY-6 and Lockheed Martin’s AN/SPY-7 (V)1 (formerly known as LMSSR) for the Aegis Ashore radar and the SPY-7 was selected as the result. The French/Italian radar uses a rotating PESA in the EMPAR, while the British system uses a rotating AESA in the Sampson system. May 2, 2011 · 2) AEGIS can use longer range SM6 and has dedicated SM3 for the high end ABM duties, making it more capable within the system. On 30 July 2018, the Japanese government approved a plan to purchase two pairs of AN/SPY-7 (V)1 for the Aegis Ashore facility and will be installed in Yamaguchi Prefecture and Akita Prefecture. As the latest generation of software-defined digital radar, SPY-7 is designed to be easily upgradeable, allowing for rapid and efficient insertion of new capabilities and techniques. Jun 26, 2006 · Compared to the PAAMS, AEGIS offers a longer ranged radar system and a more comprehensive family of missiles and capabilities. The Defense Security Cooperation Agency delivered the required certification notifying Congress. Apr 30, 2015 · The US Naval War College has suggested that the SAMPSON radar is capable of tracking 1,000 objects the size of a cricket ball travelling at three times the speed of sound (Mach 3), emphasising the system's capabilities against high performance stealth targets. This future-proof design ensures that SPY-7 will remain at The Aegis system and its associated SPY-1 radars have been continually updated over the years, culminating in Baseline 9, and the SPY-1D phased array. Jun 18, 2020 · SPY-6 vs SPY-7 radar The radar fitted to the Aegis Ashore system could also be reconsidered. It seems pretty certain that the rotating Sampson-type radar will not be a feature of Type 83 and the RN will finally adopt a fixed phased array. Mar 19, 2021 · A Type 45 launches a Sea Viper missile. I'd give this one to the Type 45 due to SAMPSON being an AESA and the very high mounting position of the array. Sep 11, 2013 · This is almost certainly what was planned before the unit cost was forced down from £500m to £350m (but Sampson rather than Herakles), and I imagine the Admiralty has been promised the possibility of Artisan replacement with such a radar during a mid-life update. Aug 17, 2010 · A key element of Sea Viper’s capability is the sophisticated, phased-array Sampson radar, which has a range of 400 kilometres. The Aegis Weapon System is a seamlessly integrated radar and missile system capable of simultaneous operation defending against advanced air, surface and subsurface threats. 9–74. CEAFAR is operating in the S band 3D missile guidance radar on Anzac -class frigates of the Royal Australian Navy. This supplements Sampson by building a broad, long-range radar picture and alleviating Sampson’s volume search requirements. Jul 10, 2015 · SUMMARY This is the second part of a 2-part comparison between two of the best destroyers in the world. That's why the Baseline 9 AEGIS adds an X-band SPQ-9C for surface level detection while the Chinese uses the C-band Type 364 radar on top of just about every ship. Moreover, it includes associated changes to the ship’s electrical power and cooling systems, alongside the latest AEGIS Baseline 10 (BMD 6. The AN/SPY-1 is a United States Navy passive electronically scanned array (PESA) 3D radar system manufactured by Lockheed Martin, and is a key component of the Aegis Combat System. The Arleigh Burke is formidable and combat ready & superior, while the Type 45 is electronically ready and advanced to fulfil its role. Amid warnings of a growing threat of ballistic missile attacks against British targets, a recent series of tests were conducted to determine whether it fits the bill. 6 mi) Both variants of the PAAMS operate May 24, 2022 · The signing of the tri-national agreement is the first formal step in the upgrade of the six Type 45s. HMS Sampson, several Royal Navy ships USS Sampson, several US Navy ships Sampson-class destroyer, a World War I US Navy class Sampson Air Force Base, near Seneca Lake, New York, closed in 1956 SAMPSON, a multi-function radar system for warships Sampson Medal, a military decoration of the United States Navy Sep 27, 2006 · Aegis used a different radar technology and almost certainly more powerful transmitters and computers though - being a later solution. Covered is the DD(X) ship radar suite; THAAD (formerly GBR); European COBRA; Israel BMD radar antennas; Dutch shipboard Feb 12, 2020 · The Thales TACTICOS Combat Management System (CMS) will be a critical aspect of the Type 31 programme. Mar 13, 2018 · During a visit to Australia, Harriet Baldwin announced the intention to look at the feasibility of fitting the Australian CEAFAR radar on future British warships. 4) AEGIS ships (cruisers, destroyers) tend to have much better payload. A great example of this is the Arleigh Burke vs the Type 45. BAE's two May 21, 2011 · PAAMS again the same with AEGIS, it's an entire system, the two radars that can be a part of PAAMS are SAMPSON and EMPAR SAMPSON 3rd Gen phased array impressive range but still a 2 faced rotator. May 25, 2020 · At almost 40 meters above the waterline, this is nearly double the height of the fixed arrays of the US Arleigh Burke destroyer’s AEGIS system and greatly increases the ship’s radar horizon and therefore warning of sea-skimming threats. The radar shares the same core technology as Aug 20, 2019 · The Type 45 destroyers use the SAMPSON radar with the PAAMS missile system, now referred to as ‘Sea Viper’ in UK service. The system was first installed in 1973 on USS Norton Sound and entered active service in 1983 as the SPY-1A on May 20, 2019 · Equipped with a Wildcat helicopter from Yeovilton-based 815 Naval Air Squadron, state-of-the-art Sampson radar and the Sea Viper missile system, HMS Defender was a potent addition alongside nine other navies at the Hebrides range in Scotland. The system is computer controlled and uses four complementary antennas to provide 360-degree coverage. 0 provides new capabilities like radar discrimination and improves overall anti-air warfare and interoperability. The main "star" of the events taking place, as usual, is the nuclear-powered missile cruiser "Peter the Great" - the largest May 10, 2025 · Aegis Combat System (USA/NATO) Deployed primarily on naval ships, Aegis integrates advanced radar and interceptors to form a powerful shield against various aerial threats. C1 to be incorporated in the US destroyer fleet. That’s because a cohesive BMD solution requires integration between the CMS, the radar, the interceptor missile and off-board sensors that can detect a ballistic missile early in its flight. Apr 4, 2022 · The Type 45’s Volume Search Radar (VSR), S1850M, is an L-band search radar that sacrifices the accuracy of Sampson for output power and range. May 20, 2025 · Lockheed Martin has introduced its SPY-7 radar as the world’s latest generation of software-defined digital radar, delivering a three-fold improvement in performance over current systems. The weight and cost of the faces is the reason it isn't a 4/6 faced static array. May 17, 2020 · The reason why the Sampson radar is superior to the SPY-1 is mostly due to its more advanced radar architecture and technology: it is a dual faced AESA S-band radar. Besides the missiles, the Sea Viper Evolution programme (SV-E) will include the first significant upgrades to the Sampson multi-function radar (MFR) during its time in service as well as improvements to the command and control system. K. China also has a phased array radar on 052C ships (2 building). This combination offers one of the most advanced air surveillance and missile guidance capabilities in the world. It’s fully software-configurable and features adaptive digital beamforming techniques to combat clutter and high electronic countermeasure environments. The passive array has inferior sensitivity and maintenance requirements. A key component of the Aegis Weapon System is the SPY-1 multi-function phased array radar. the ganga & godavari have a Elta phased array. This would give the Type 26 area air defence capabilities equivalent to those of the Type 45s and make them more of a multi-role frigate rather than a single role ship. 0025平方公尺的目标拥有超过80km的侦测距离。. The Type 45 destroyer is equipped with the sophisticated Sea Viper air-defence system utilizing the SAMPSON active electronically scanned array multi-function air tracking radar and the S1850M long-range air surveillance radar. Aug 25, 2021 · This was truly revolutionary, as it could not only search all around the ship much faster than existing radars, a great help against the threat of saturation missile attack, but also was capable of generating much more precise tracks for Aegis, the heart of the new system. As radars become more software-controlled it's more difficult to compare systems. Sampson and SPY-6 are two different approaches to radar and fulfil two different user requirements. The Type 45 destroyers take advantage of Horizon development work and use the Sea Viper air-defence system and the SAMPSON radar. The most important aspect of modern radar is software and target processing, as this is what will protect a fleet with AEW capability, which both the USN and RN have. [1] In the AESA, each SPY-1D (V) Called the “littoral warfare” radar, the SPY-1D (V) improved clutter rejection and moving target detection, enhancing the capability of Aegis radar in cluttered environments. Much more manoeuvrable missiles and hypersonic glide vehicles are also being developed in an expensive arms race between missiles and countermeasures. AN/SPY-6 is a significant radar upgrade in AEGIS Baseline 10 – the first active solid state array radar on surface ships – a significant integration challenge! Apr 15, 2025 · The SAMPSON radar is a radar specialized in anti-aircraft combat, but as described above, it also demonstrated excellent ballistic missile detection/tracking capabilities like the Aegis combat system. It will support 54 jobs in the UK at sites from the Isle of Wight to Hertfordshire, Bristol and Bolton. Radar: AN/SPG-1 (B/D) vs. The MoD has opted for a rotating array due to cost and due to a higher installation, which increases range. Alongside Australian Defence Minister Pyne, Harriet Baldwin announced the intention to look at the feasibility of fitting the Australian May 24, 2022 · The £300m-plus package to upgrade the system – known as Sea Viper Evolution – covers the Aster 30 missile itself as well as the Sampson radar and the command/control system. Nov 15, 2019 · AN/SPY-7 (V)1 is a modular and scalable solid state radar, allowing for continuous surveillance and protection. PAAMS (S) — British variant with SAMPSON Multi-Function Radar (MFR) PAAMS (E) — French/Italian variant with EMPAR Multi-Function Radar Automatic command and control system Consoles running Windows 2000 operating system Sylver Vertical Launching System Aster missiles: Aster 15, range; 1. Apr 30, 2022 · This platform incorporates the new and more capable SPY-6 (V)1 radar (AMDR, Air and Missile Defense Radar). Nov 13, 2023 · Panel – These are the ubiquitous flat panels found on US ships and include the various Aegis SPY-1 variants, SPY-6 (Air and Missile Defense Radar, AMDR), SPY-6 (V)3 Enterprise Air Surveillance Radar (EASR), and whatever other names they’re known by. The Type 45 destroyer, also known as the D or Daring class, is an advanced class of guided missile destroyers built for the United Kingdom's Royal Navy. 7–30 km (1. Exactly when has it been battle proven and against what? Rotating radars can be placed higher on a mast, offering better radar horizon. SAMPSON/EMPAR + SMART-L. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Oct 1, 2020 · An alternative to the Australian radar could be to mount both the SAMPSON and S1850M radars on the Type 26 hull as proposed for the Type 4X destroyer. SPY-1F This variant—known as the “frigate array radar system”—is designed for Aegis frigates and is a smaller version of the SPY-1D. Jan 31, 2006 · This is a survey article summarizing the recent developments and future trends in passive, active, bipolar and monolithic microwave integrated circuitry (MMIC) phased arrays for ground, ship, air and space applications. SAMPSON MFR SAMPSON MFR (Multi-Function Radar) is the Type 45’s primary search-and-track and fire control radar. Jun 1, 2018 · The SAMPSON radar is a multi-function dual-faced active electronically scanned array radar derived from the Multi-function Electronically Scanned Adaptive Radar (MESAR) program. One contentious aspect would be the primary radar selection, given the exceptional performance of the UK-designed Sampson MFR placed very high on the Type 45’s mainmast. BAe says, it's possible to install SAMPSON like an Aegis-system. SPY-7 radar is the most advanced technology that will provide the capability to make decisions – accurately and quickly. 0), in addition to a new platform, weapon systems, electronic warfare and combat May 20, 2019 · This would involve fitting 2 eight-cell, strike-length Mk 41 VLS modules in the vacant space between the 4. AN/SPY-7 (V)1 The AN/SPY-7 (V)1 is the official designation of an LRDR-derivative used with the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System. The Mk 41 Vertical Launching System (VLS) enables the launch of a variety of missiles, including Tomahawk land-attack missiles, SM-2/3/6 surface-to-air missiles, and RUM-139 ASROC anti-submarine Nov 12, 2024 · In terms of air defense capabilities, the Arleigh Burke-class destroyers leverage the Aegis Combat System paired with the SPY-1 or SPY-6 radar (in the latest Flight III versions), providing robust anti-air and missile defense capabilities. Sep 15, 2010 · By: radar - 22nd September 2010 at 18:25 - Edited 1st January 1970 at 01:00 Aegis wasn't originally available for NATO. Oct 7, 2024 · Although performance parameters are obviously classified, the RN’s current BMD capabilities are essentially limited by the sensors and range of the Aster 30 missile together with the ability of the Sampson Radar to detect and track the threat. SPY-6 will without doubt be very capable, but I'd bet the Type 45's high-mounted SAMPSON would be the first to detect inbound sea-skimming vampires. If you haven’t read the first part, check out the link below and then proceed to read t… May 19, 2025 · The SPY-7 radar represents a significant leap forward in radar technology, boasting a three-fold improvement in performance compared to current systems. 6 mi) Aster 30, range; 3–120 km (1. S. The SAMPSON radar system is extremely capable for its role, and I am sure it would give the AEGIS system a run for its money. APAR didn't meet UK requirements (but was a lot cheaper), hence the need for SAMPSON and SMART-L. Similarly, the British ships almost certainly will use the Sampson radar, which is very different from that planned for the French and Italian ships. The radar can be used for multiple missions, such as early warning, situational awareness, tactical surveillance, and air defence. SPY-6 will always have the edge on brute power and performance but Sampson has the potential to be a better performer in the 'back-end' (radar control and processing). Aegis Combat System, the Navy’s most modern surface combat system, employs the SPY-1 radar for threat detection at sea. Aug 14, 2012 · Explores the history of AESA radars and how continuing advances in MMIC materials and fabrication technologies, advancing packaging technology and exponential growth in digital circuits opens many possibilities for the future Jun 3, 2024 · The primary weapon system is the Aegis Combat System, integrated with AN/SPY-1D (V) radar for simultaneous tracking of hundreds of targets. Apr 24, 2021 · For example, the size of Type 45 was partly dictated by the need for a stable platform to allow the Sampson radar to be placed at the top of a very tall mainmast. Setting a high-water mark for Aegis quality, the system was certified with zero high priority computer program change requests, giving the warfighter one of the more robust and reliable Aegis Weapon Jan 12, 2016 · The US Navy and Missile Defense Agency (MDA) has certified the new Aegis Combat System Baseline 9. In broad terms, the Sampson radar is less of a limiting factor than the missile’s May 24, 2022 · The signing of the tri-national agreement is the first formal step in the upgrade of the six vessels, which will include converting existing missiles to the ASTER 30 Block 1 standard, as well as updates to the SAMPSON multi-function radar (MFR) and Sea Viper command and control missile system, under the full Sea Viper Evolution Sep 26, 2017 · Adding BMD capability to the future frigates would almost certainly be more complex than for the AWDs, even if Aegis is at the core of the CMS. The SPY-1 is a passive array. Jul 10, 2015 · The US Navy was the first navy in the world to develop a comprehensive ship-based air defense system, the AEGIS, which consisted of powerful electronically scanning radar panels fitted to their destroyers and cruisers and a series of medium to long-range Surface to Air missiles (SAM). The British reportedly wanted larger ships; the French and the Italians wanted to limit size because many of their shipyards could not build the big ships the Royal Navy considered acceptable and Once a threat is identified by the S1850M long-range radar, the fire control radar, EMPAR multifunction radar on Horizon-class frigates, and SAMPSON multifunction radar on Type 45 destroyers, is engaged to provide information on the target’s trajectory and calculate a firing solution. italy, france, uk. @uk 75 , NIGS was to be roughly Terrier size, rather than Talos size, and the entire system was sized for the County class hull, albeit without any guns. Jan 24, 2025 · The strengthening of the presence of the Russian Navy in the World Ocean responded with a stream of high-profile messages in the media: interviews, questions, forecasts, comments and assessments of domestic and foreign experts. phased array radars are a commodity item now Aug 23, 2021 · I also like the idea of having a number of platforms with some advanced radar other than AEGIS because of AEGIS's reliability issues. Feb 8, 2021 · Aegis baseline 5. I still think the Navy's goal for the Connies is a cheaper, less-capable replacement for the Ticos. Apr 5, 2024 · Lockheed Martin successfully demonstrated the first live track AN/SPY-7(V)1 radar for the Aegis System Equipped Vessel (ASEV), marking a critical milestone in the programme. Jul 23, 2025 · July 24, 2025 Ukraine – Air Defense Sustainment WASHINGTON, July 24, 2025 - The State Department has made a determination approving a possible Foreign Military Sale to the Government of Ukraine of Air Defense Sustainment and related equipment for an estimated cost of $180 million. Apr 28, 2006 · On the range of the latest AEGIS radars, my understanding is that although it is superior to the EMPAR (Horizon) or SAMPSON (T45) systems, British, French and surely Italian destroyers use also a very-long-range air-serch radar to back up the EMPAR/SAMPSON. wxli stjqmo uxf ztfp dlxu yfbri jhyqola mrs xejajaj fucex